By: Justin Meiners
07/20/2022
The Quake Engine has had an incredible influence on game technology. It was heavily licensed, including hit titles like Half-Life, Call of Duty, and Star Wars: Jedi Knights. Perhaps most impactful is the many developers who learned to make games by modding it, and brought its principles to other studios and engines.
Most of what’s been written about the Quake Engine focuses on the 3D rendering technology, or multiplayer networking. But, much overlooked is the innovative entity system, the paradigm that allows level designers to craft dynamic interactions, without writing code.
In this article I want to provide a brief overview of the Quake entity system and its design principles. Of particular interest to me is it’s similarity to the design philosophy behind UNIX. Both designs can be summarized as having one primary substance (files in UNIX) and a language for combining simple behaviors in emergent ways (the shell) .
Before getting too far into entities, we need to cover an important technical concept. A brush is a 3D hape defined by a set of 3 or more planes in the 3D The solid is defined to be the volume enclosed by the planes (also known as the intersection of half-spaces). It’s not hard to show that a brush must be a convex shape.
Brushes are useful for a few reasons:
Brushes can be converted into a 3D triangle mesh for rendering, by interesting the planes together. Take 3 planes at a time, solve the linear system of the 3 plane equations, and you get a vertex. The full list of vertices lying in a plane can then be assembled into a polygon.
Quake divides the game world into a few simple categories.
At the top-level everything is either static or dynamic.
The static part mostly consists of scenery and the basic geometric area that makes up the levels.
The scenery is composed mostly of brushes.
The bulk of this is described by the singular worldspawn object in .map files, although some other .map entries are also static.
In an ideal world, nothing in the game would be static, so players would be free to interact with everything (and it would make editing the level easier). However, levels are static for performance reasons. To render at real-time speeds, a bunch of data needs to be pre-computed, including BSP tree and lightmaps. Generally, the scenery occupies most of the screen, so some of the pre-computing is a tradeoff favoring quality over interactivity. For example, lightmapping/surface caching pre-computes higher quality lighting and shadows for the scenery.
Everything else in the world is dynamic. All the dynamic things are called entities, and represent individual movable objects in the world. The entities include characters, bullets, weapons, etc.
Entities are divided further into two kinds. The first are solid entities which are represented by a union of brushes. Their shape can be edited right in the level editor, so they can take on different forms as needed, like a door, trigger, or platform.
The other kind are point entities and are represented by traditional triangle meshes. While solid entities can be modified for each instance, point entities are much less flexible. For example, the ammo pickups or characters have one standard model and always look the same.
All entities have spawn properties to configure their behaviour. These are specified as key/value strings in the level editor, and each kind of entity can choose which to read and how to interpret them. For example, a property might specify which sound is played when the door is opened.
The Quake 3 source explains properties well. Quake 1 is more convoluted as entities are written in .qc files.
It is not uncommon for games (then or now) to have complex object and behaviour hierarchies following object oriented or component based design. Quake rejects all that and ascribes to something like the UNIX mantra: “everything is a file”. In UNIX this means programs are files, data is files, network interfaces are files, even hardware devices are files. When everything is the same you only need one interface to communicate. Since most programs simply read and write data, treating the sources and destinations as a file works pretty well. Want to get input from a hardware device? Read from it like a file. Everything becomes unified.
For the most part, it works well. Sometimes the concept is pushed too far and very “special files” need to be treated carefully.
In Quake everything dynamic is an entity. In fact, each entity is an instance of the same big struct containing a field for everything an object might need in the game. Here is a small part, to give you an idea of what’s included:
typedef struct
{
float modelindex;
vec3_t absmin;
vec3_t absmax;
float ltime;
float lastruntime;
float movetype;
float solid;
vec3_t origin;
...
string_t noise2;
string_t noise3;
} entvars_t;
Obviously, each entity type does not utilize all the fields. But, since gameplay tends to be the smallest part of the games workload, the wasted space is not a problem. Entities just ignore what they don’t use.
Quake’s simple design provides similar unification benefits as UNIX. The primitive operations, creating, destroying, communicating, are all the same. Many entities need similar physics, and they can trivially share that functionality. All the entities need to be networked, and this allows the networking algorithm to work the same for all of them, instead of synchronizing each type separately.
The tradeoff is entities are not always well defined. The only way to know what properties are available, and what they do, is to follow convention (or read the source code).
Perhaps the biggest advantage is it significantly reduces cognitive load for everyone, but especially designers. When you have a complex set of categories, you have to think really hard about where every feature belongs. You also spend a lot of energy refactoring components to accommodate new features. Here you have no choice. Figure out how to make it out of entity, or don’t do it. Functionality ends up being reused automatically.
This is might be a general rule. If you can think of one primary element that unifies your software, you should probably use it. The challenge is actually understanding your problem well enough to discover that unifying concept.
UNIX acknowledges a basic fact about software: programming is expensive and takes a lot of time, but at the same time computers still need to be able to perform many different tasks. How can we minimize the amount of code that needs to be written, while maximizing usefulness? UNIX addresses this by first cutting the list of needed programs down to an essential core. Then it simplifies even further, by mandating that each program should only perform one simple task, such as extracting a line from a file.
On their own, these tiny programs don’t seem terribly useful. On Windows you would expect a lot more from a program than just being able to count characters in a file! For UNIX, the power comes from the shell, which is an interactive terminal and language for orchestrating programs. The shell provides operations, and means for combining the functionality of programs together. Simple programs to be chained together in complex ways. Suddenly a file downloader, an HTML converter, and a text editor, can be combined to make a web browser. Programs are often useful in ways the original designer never anticipated.
The Quake Entity system takes the same approach. Engineering is slow (especially for 3D games), but game and level designers need to be able to make a lot of content, and iterate on their ideas quality. They need to be able to open a door when the player presses a button, or trick the player, and spawn entities instead. How can they do all of this, without resorting to programming?
Quake provides an event system which allows entities to send messages to each other.
Entities that send events have a targetname property which can refer to another entity.
Entities that receive events are then configured to respond.
Event producing entities include:
func_button: A solid entity representing a button the player can press.trigger_once: A solid entity that triggers an event when the player intersects it.Event receiving events include:
func_plat: A solid entity representing a platform that can raise or lower.func_door: A solid entity that moves over an opening.light_flouro: A point entity that can be turned on and off.An event system on it’s own doesn’t sound groundbreaking. Every GUI builder let’s you link button actions. The interesting part is the role of the entity in this system. Entities are not just game objects, they can also represent abstract concepts. An invisible entity can be used as an intermediary between and input and output. Here they can use logic to filter and redirect events.
You can think of these entities like electronic logic gates.
They allow the level designer to script together interesting scenarios and actions, from simple parts.
For example, in the image there is a func_button whose output is linked to a trigger_counter.
That trigger_counter also has an output linked to the door.
The counter increments each time it receives an event. When it reaches it’s threshold it fires.
In this case, after all three buttons are pressed, a door will open.
Abstract entities are also more than just pure functions. It turns out abstract things often have state and modeling them as living in th world can be helpful.
The fact that the abstract entities actually occupy space, provides an interesting advantage over text-based scripting languages.
The designer can associate the logic of the level with the elements that are controlled.
Placing a trigger_counter next to a button suggests the two work together.
Anyone who want to know how a piece of the level works, can just look at it, and see which entities to inspect.
Form follows function.
Consider how you might program a 3D button for a video game like Quake. You might start with a 3D model of the button, then add an animation for when it is pressed. Next you figure out how to read keyboard input to trigger the animation, and call a function when its triggered. All of it works! But what if you want several button appearances? You might provide some animation options, and some options to set the model, etc. What if you sometimes want a sound to play? The complexity grows with each feature.
The quake entity system recognizes that most of this functionality is orthogonal. From a pure gameplay perspective, a button is just an area the player can provide keyboard input to (most gameplay systems are much simpler than they appear). Also, many different things need to play sounds and trigger animations. Instead of combining this into one object, let’s separate this into a sound playing entity, an animation entity, and a button input entity. To create a button in the game, we can combine this network of gameplay entities, and then can place it over any 3D model that represents the button.
This is classic separation of concerns, which is a hallmark of good software design. It’s a form of the model view controller pattern, but for games. Besides further flexibility, it forces the designer to better organize and clearly understand what they actually want to accomplish.
Quake doesn’t normally decompose things quite this far (partially due to limited tooling), but the principle is used in other ways, and in other games.
One measure of a good design is how well it ages over time. It may work for the original task, but how does it address new demands and changing needs? UNIX has of course evolved from the 60s into modern Linux, the backbone of the Internet, and arguably where all the interesting OS work happens. Linux still retains the original concepts and even many of the original programs.
We already know Quake engine is a part of many modern games.
A very successful example is Valve’s Source Engine which is a natural progression from Quake to modern technology, while still retaining its core concepts.
In 2022, it’s showing its age, but it has been working for a long time!
Almost all of the original quake entities are present in Source (func_button, func_train, etc).
These original entities have been enhanced, a whole collection of new entities have been added
(see a full list).
But, largely the Source engine looks a lot like the Quake engine, it just provides more detail
and systems.
Here is an example which shows how sophisticated these entity systems have become. In the image below is an interactive keypad made by a Source community member. Here is their description of how it works:
It includes visual and audio responses to any 4-digit code. If the code is correct, it opens the door, plays an accepted sound, and blinks a green light. Otherwise, it plays a reject sound and blinks a red light.
As you can see, it’s made up from a ton of entities. Here are just a few:
func_button. One for each button on the keypad. 11 total.func_detail the model of the keypad.prop_dynamic the door model which opens.func_door the logical entity that controls the doors motion.logic_case stores the sequence of 4 expected numbers, and the events for successful code.logic_timer resets the keypad entry after a period of inactivity.ambient_generic. Used to play the success or reject sounds.This shows just how powerful the Quake entity system can be!